Shaina+Jensen

Gene Cloning with Bacterial Plasmids  **Description - ** Bacteria cells have plasmids which are tiny DNA molecules that replicates separately from the bacterial chromosome. When cloning this, the first thing they have to do is to take the plasmid from the bacteria and then inject the other organisms DNA into the bacteria. The DNA molecules combined and then the plasmid is then returned to the bacteria. This than produces a recombinant bacterium. That cell than reproduces as clone cells. This is because the bacteria is replicating. Because the cell is replicating the recombined plasmid, is passing on to every time the bacteria replicates. Any of the genes that are attached to it replicates also. This process is called gene cloning, because it is the production if multiple copies of a single gene.   **Analyze it – ** So you take out a part of a cell, the plasmas. Then you insert the cell with something else’s DNA. Then you mess with the temperature. Then the plasmid is reentered into the cell. Then when the cell divides, it makes exact copies of DNA that was injected into it. So whatever that DNA came form will be copied every time that cell divides. So it will be making copies of that organism   ** Apply it – ** This is used to make insulin more accessible, and more affordable. So this information could be used to help make medicines more affordable I believe. That this happens could be used for making antibiotics, and for helping to understand how to fight off bacteria that are immune to antibiotics. ** Synthesize it- ** I am thinking that this could maybe help with people you need to have transplants. If someone could take a couple of cells from let’s say someone’s liver you has a health liver. Put the cells in a container for a while. The y could maybe possible grow into being another liver and replaces the liver of a person you has a bad liver. If they could use the person who has the bad livers DNA injected into the good livers cells. Maybe this would make it to where it would be easier to get transplant, and aliminat them having to find a specific person to donate an entire organ. ** Argue for or against it – ** I think that if we could use this to better peoples healthy that it s at lest worth trying. But I also don’t think that we should be colon like people or organisms. I believe that everyone is mad once for a reason, and why would we really want another one of your selves. I am happy with just having one of me. I guess with animals that people would say that it would help with world hunger. I think that animals and people should just reproduce. It will probably be cheaper that way anyway I just don’t think that we should be cloning people or organisms. I just don’t think that, that is the way we are supposed to be living <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Albertus Extra Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;"> [] [] [] ** <span style="background: black; color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Nucleic Acid Hybridization **<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Describe – ** Is base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule. Nucleic acid is a polymer that is made up of many nucleotide monomers. This is used for making protein, and to determine its actions for all cellular activities. It can either be with RNA or DNA ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Analyze it – ** This means they can make an organism expresses a gene, or have a gene that they would like the organism to have. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Apply it – ** Like if you wanted to have a child that has blue eyes. The scientist will have the sequence of gene that would give your child blue eyes and will connect it to a nucleotide sequence that would connect to the organisms DNA. This would happen well the organism is still zygote so that when the cell divides that this gene will show up in every cell, so that the gene will be noticeable or use able. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Synthesize it – ** They could maybe use this to stop birth defects or diseases. If they know what kind of gene caused the disease or birth defect they could maybe fix the gene or just cut it out with restrictive enzymes. Or maybe they could just put another gene that would cancel the bad gene out. <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Argue for or against it – ** I think it would be nice to never have e to have a baby with a birth defect, or disease. But that’s not the way it is and if that was the way it was supposed to be then it would already be that way. We need to have these difficulties so that we can evolve so that your bodies by them self could better handle diseases and birth defects. Who knows maybe one day we could even be immune to all birth defects, and diseases? Everyone has some kind of issue with them. Its true how many people have cancer or heart disease? Or we you think about how many possible things that could be wrong with a person. I mean really how can one person be perfectly okay. When you do think about all of the types of disease that are out there it really would be harder to believe how anyone survives, or how they did when we did not have such advanced medical system. The thing is very time we think we are smart and fix something, something else comes along that is worst. Like look at all the vaccines that were needed like 50 years ago compared to how many are needed for babies now days. I think we should find better ways of detecting diseases and better ways of treating them. We are not going to be able to stop everything bad from happening. [] [] ** <span style="background: black; color: #ffc000; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Genomic Library **<span style="color: #ffc000; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Describe – ** genomic library is a set of cell clones containing all the DNA segments from a genome that is in the cloning vector. First a clone’s of bacterial cell’s which contains copies of a particular foreign genome fragment in their recombinant plasmids. The foreign genome is separated into phages. Then they are storied in a multiwall plastic plate. Each clone will copy one well or the entire genome. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Analyze it – ** It is the genes and the DNA that are going to be cloned. The genes are in the material that is connected to the DNA that is in the cell that is being divided. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Apply it – ** it is basically the material that is being cloned. <span style="color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Synthesize it – ** this is how we can clone a specific thing. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Argue for or against it – ** this is making an entire organism, I do not think that there is really an important use for this. For me right now I guess I am just waiting to see what happens with this. It may not seem to have an important use right now but it might become something important. Or become something that will help use discover something else that is very important and useful. So I’m not sure yet. [] [] ** <span style="background: black; color: #92d050; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Polymerase Chain Reaction **<span style="color: #92d050; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Describe – ** This is a way to make large amounts of a gene or DNA sequence, the source of DNA is impure. This procedure targets a specific targeted segment in one DNA molecule or many DNA molec ules. This procedure happens in a test tube. This procedure can make a billion segments of DNA within a few hours. This is faster to use then DNA library. This task involves three cycles each step involves the mixture being heated to separate the DNA strands and then are cooled so that hydrogen bonding of short single stranded DNA primers complementary to sequence on the opposite strands at each end of the target sequence. Than a heat stable DNA polymerase extends the primer in the 5 3 direction. If the normal polymerase was used that protein would be denatured along with DNA. This will have to be replaced after each cycle. Then main thing to this is getting it heat stable. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Analyze it – ** From what I understand this is basically that the heat and then the cooling of the gene or DNA segment cause the DNA to replicate faster. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Apply it – ** This could be used to make the cloning process go faster. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Synthesize it – ** so if this does become a big use in the future or more used the polymerase chain reaction instead of Genomic library could maybe make this process go faster, and maybe make it cheaper. I am also think that maybe with this information that we could maybe used this to make it to were pregnancy do not last as long. Instead of being pregnant for nine months, you could maybe be pregnant for like 5 months. I not sure it’s just something that it made me think of. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Argue for or against it - ** I am not sure I guess if we are going to clone it makes more sense to use Polymerase Chain Reaction verses genomic library. Because it is faster and to me it also seems to be an easier method. So there for I believe it would be cheaper. [] [] ** <span style="background: black; color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Gel electrophoresis **<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Description – ** this is a method for testing DNA it allows us to see the particles in DNA so that we can compare it to other DNA samples for like in crime since or for porturity test. With this testing you collect a sample of DNA and then divide it up into at least 4 containers. One of the containers that have DNA in it you do not added anything to it or alter it in any other way. Then another one of the samples you would add the restriction enzyme EcoRI. Than the other two samples will have the restriction enzyme HindIII added to then. Then there is this square container that is follow of a buffer solution in the container is also a gel thing that has four indents in it called wells. The container is hooked up to a machine that supplies a current. The wells will be at the negative side. This is because the wells are where you insert the DNA and DNA is normally negatively charged. The first well you will place some on the material from the first container that contains DNA with the enzyme Hind III. The next well you will place the some of the sample of DNA that you didn’t do anything with. The third well you will place some of the sample that is in the second container that has DNA and the HindIII sample in it. The fourth well you will place some of the sample that is in the container that has DNA with the Restriction enzyme EcoRI in it. Then you would turn on the current this will then pull the DNA particles down ward. The smaller the pieces are the farther they go. This is because the gel is made of sugar filaments that stop the bigger pieces. The pieces are pulled down because of the positive charge pulling the negatively charged particles. Once this is done you will then add some die to the container, and then you will rinse it off thoroughly. Then you will be able to see the particles that are pulled out of it. The first well should show the same results as the third well. The second well should only show one spot towards the top because this DNA wasn’t cut into parts. The fourth well should show something completely different because you used a different enzyme. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Analyze it – ** This is basically just separating DNA and making it to where you can see the particles that are in it. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Apply it – ** This is used to compare DNA to see if the DNA matches. Like at a crime scene they will test the victims DNA with the DNA that was found at. They would compare the two gel sample and the results that are shown on the gel sample. They would probably even do this with the suspects DNA to help prove that he was there. <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Synthesis it – ** I think this could be used to further study DNA. This could help us discover things that we don’t quite know yet. I’m not sure what this could help us find out about it, but I think that we could eventually get a closer look at the DNA particles. I am not sure how this will really help us but I think it will somehow I just don’t know for sure how yet. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Argue for or against it – ** I think this is a good thing it helps us put criminals in jail. It helps people find their true parents. I think is something very useful to us. I know it is said that we even would need something like this but yea there is a lot of crime and a lot of people who don’t know their family. I guess this is just a way of making what we deal with a little bit better or easier. [] [] [] ** <span style="background: black; color: red; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Southern blotting **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Describe – ** this procedure uses a normal allele, a homozygote allele, and a heterozygote allele. You then put these alleles through a gel electrophoresis. Then there is alkaline solution that you add to the container then on top of the gel a nitrocellulose membrane, then on top of that paper towels, and then on top of that something to weight it down. The alkaline solution transfers the DNA into a nitrocellulose membrane.DNA is separated. The single strand of DNA sticks to the nitrocellulose is positioned in bands by the ones on the gel. Then the nitrocellulose blot is added to a solution that contains radioactively labeled probe. The probe is a single stranded DNA complementary to the gene. The probe molecules attach by base-pairs to any restriction fragments containing part of the gene. The sheet of photographic film is laid over the blot. The radioactivity in the bond probe exposes the film to form an image corresponding to those bands containing DNA that base paired with the probe. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Analyze it – ** this is examining particles of a gene so that they can detect the gene before the patient shows symptoms. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Apply it – ** this is used to test fetus for genetic dieses. So that the parents and hospital will be better able to prepare for the birth of the child. I guess they also use this information to detect for genetic disorders in the fetus so that if the parents decide that they couldn’t handle having a child with a genetic disorder they could have an abortion. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Synthesize it – ** I think this could be used to better prevent genetic disorders. I am thinking that with this information they could better detect the diseases. Then if they could figure out the many cause of the disorder they could prescribe the mother prenatal vitamins that will help give the kind of something that they are missing, I think that this would get them to start making it them self’s. If they would prescribe it to the mother when she first finds that she is pregnant. I’m not sure that would work but it sound's possible to me   ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Argue for or against it –  ** I think this is a good thing we it is used to better understand disorders and to have parents and hospitals better prepare for when a child is born. But I don’t think that it should be used for an excuse to have an abortion. I guess I personally believe everything happens for a reason, if you have a child with a disorder. You are supposed to have that child evening if it has a disability. Every child should have a chance at life even if it has a disorder. [] [] ** <span style="background: black; color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Microarrays **<span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Describe - ** You first isolate mRNA. Then you make cDNA by reversing the transcription process. By using fluorescently labeled nucleotides. The cDNA mixture to a microarray. Which is a microscope slide on which the copies of single stranded DNA fragments from the organism’s genes are fixed, a different gene is in each spot. The cDNA hybridizes with any complementary DNA on the microarray. Then you rinse off the extra cDNA, you than scan the microarray for fluorescent spot. The yellow color represents a gene expresses in the tissue sample. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Analyze – ** you get a sample of mRNA. Then you add a fluorescent solution to the mRNA. You then place the sample a microscope slide. You rinse of the sample then look at it under the microscope. The yellow spots are the genes. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Apply it – ** This is used to show all of the genes of an organism. So it is a very good way to show organisms genes. I think that this is an easier way to test for genes than what southern blotting is. It seems like an easy procedure to do and easy to read the results. It is also very accurate. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Synthesize it – ** I think this is used for when people go to get there genome tested. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Argue for or against it – ** I think this is just a less invasive way of gene testing. However I’m not how you know what gene the cDNA is detecting, because all of the genes show up as yellow dotes. If they could figure that out I think this would be very useful. [] [] ** <span style="background: black; color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Plant cloning **<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Describe – ** In plants they take differentiated cells from the plants roots. Then the cells are put into a growth medium with nutrients. The cells will then start to divide in the medium. Then an embryonic plant is developed from the cultured cells. Then once it has grown for a little bit it is than planted into soil. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Analyze it – ** This is taking a mature cell from the plants’ roots and then is placed into a medium were it will grow for a while. Then it is placed in to the soil and then it grows into a full grown plant. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Apply it – ** This is used to make some plants easier to grow and more profitable to grow. Like with orchids they do not reproduce very well. They also clone plants from to help them be resistant to weather and bugs to a certain extent. They will have a plant that has a high resistance towards bugs, and then they will clone that plant. So that all the plants that come for that plant will do very well with fighting off bugs. So again the cloning of plants help make agriculture more profitable. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Synthesize – ** I am thinking that maybe if these does make farming more profitable and easier to do that the cost of the food will go down. Which would help families eat healthier. The cloning of plants might even make it easier to grow more plants at one time, which this could eventually help with world hunger. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Argue for or against it – ** I think this is something great. It helps us and I do not think that it causes much harm at all. I was also thinking that in the book it sound that cutting something inhale and planting it again to have another plant grow is cloning the plant. That made me think about how plants grow naturally the seeds are passes on by wind, birds, or other animals. Will if the find blows an apple that fell off the tree and it grows another tree that is cloning also. Or if a bird carries like a blue berry and drops it, and it grows a blue berry bush, or tree that is cloning to. So if it happens naturally how can you really argue against it. Especially if it doesn’t cause any harm. [] [] <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif';"> ** <span style="background: black; color: fuchsia; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Animal Cloning **<span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Describe – ** You would take a differentiated animal cell. Then you would take a fertilized or unfertilized egg. You would remove the eggs nucleus and replace it with the nucleus of the differentiated cell. This egg will then be placed back into the womb and will grow and be born. This animal will be the exact same so the animal the donated the differentiated cell. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Analyze it– ** You take a mature cell from what you want to clone and then you take an egg from another animal of the same species. You take out the nucleus of the egg and insert the nucleus of the mature cell. This then will become an exact replication of the animal that you wanted to clone. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Apply it – ** I believe that they are wanting to clone animals so that they can clone humans so that we can get are materials that are needed for transplants like organs or blood transfusion from them. If we did this it would be easier to get a transplant then what it is today. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Synthesis it – ** I think this is used for like we a women does invetro. I am thinking that they remove the nucleus of the egg and then insert the nucleus of one of the mother’s mature cells with a sperm. Then the kid will grow up still with his mother and fathers DNA. Even though the baby wasn’t made the typical way ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Argue for or against it – ** I do not think this is something that we should really be focusing on. I do not think that there is that many people out there that want to have a clone of themselves, their child, or their pet. I think that we should look at ways to just clone a single organ I think that would be something of more used to us. I also think that people would have a lot less issues with that. [] [] ** <span style="background: black; color: #4f6228; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Restriction fragment length polymorphism **<span style="color: #4f6228; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Describe – ** Single nucleotide polymorphism which is a single base pair site where variations is found at least 1% in the human population. Single nucleotide polymorphisms alter the sequence recognized by restriction enzymes. This is the deal for single nucleotide difference between normal alleles and homozygous alleles. These alterations change the lengths of the restriction fragments formed by digestive enzymes. This change can happen with coding and none coding sequence of DNA. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Analyze it – ** An alteration of a gene will affect the way that restriction enzymes cut the DNA strand. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Apply it – ** This is used to detect the presence of an abnormal allele which can be diagnosed accurately if a closely linked single nucleotide polymorphisms makers have been found. So then they can detect if there is a disorder by how the restriction enzyme cuts the DNA sequence. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Synthesize it – ** I think this better helps us understand how genes affect the DNA sequence. Maybe this information could be used to make a gene. I am just guessing with this procedure they generally find the sequence that holds the genes. So if they figured how a certain gene is connected to DNA then they could probably just add the gene if they wanted to. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Argue for or against it – ** I think this is a good way of test for genes. This information makes sense to me. I do not really see anything bad about it’s just another way of genetic testing. But if they do figure out how to give an organism a gene then I do not think that is right if the organism was meant to have that gene the organism would already have then gene without us giving it to it. [] [] ** <span style="background: black; color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Gene Therapy **<span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Describe – ** They insert a RNA version of a normal allele into a retrovirus. Then the retrovirus will infect bone marrow cells that are from the patient with the defective gene. Then the viral DNA with the normal allele goes into the chromosomes. Then they would inject the cells back into the patient. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Analyze it – ** They are thinking that inserting a gene into a person’s cell who as a single defective gene. Then the normal gene that was injected would fix the defective gene or take its place. Then the patient will have use of the gene that they before didn’t. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Apply it– ** This is used to treat people who have a single defective gene. With this procedure it is theoretical that this will cure the patient. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Synthesize it – ** Maybe someday they would be able to do this for organisms that have more than one defective gene. That would be a very good thing if they could use this information to pretty cure all genetic disorders. Anything is possible now days. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Argue for or against it – ** I think this is a good thing but to me it sounds like something that would have a small success rate. If it is really use able that would be a good for people with genetic disorders. It is probably expensive but if it works and cures them wouldn’t every have to pay for any more treatment for the disorder so in the long run it would probably be cheaper. I still think though that every time we find how to fix something, something worse comes along. I think it is a good thing, but I guess I am not really sure if it really works. [] [] ** <span style="background: black; color: #948a54; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Transgenic animals **<span style="color: #948a54; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Describe – ** They first get an egg and then they fertilize it with in vitro. They will have cloned a certain gene that is normally from a different species. Then they will inject the cloned DNA directly into the nuclei of the zygote. Sometimes the cells integrate the foreign DNA into their genomes and then are able to express the foreign gene. Then the embryos are implanted into the animal that gave the egg. If a baby is born than there were three parents and the animal is considered to be a transgenic animal. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Analyze it – ** They first perform in vitro then before they put the embryo in the mother they will place some cloned DNA of a different organism into the nucleus of the embryo. This is so that the baby will have a certain gene. Then the embryo is placed back into the mother and if a baby is born then the baby has three parents so it is considered a transgenic animal. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Apply it – ** This is used to give an organism a specific gene. They are thinking that if they can figure this out that when a person who has a genenic disorder wants to become a parent but doesn’t want their kid to have the disorder. Well then they think they will be able to insert the DNA of like an animal that has the normal gene. The baby would also have the normal gene. But they have to get it to work with animals before they can use it on humans. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Synthesize it – ** I am think instead of having kids born with an animal’s DNA that then should use this knowledge to make like pills that people with a genetic disorder could can’t that would make it the same as having the gene active, except for they would have to take a pill to make the gene active. I really do not think taking a pill every day would be that bad I mean really. How many people have to take a birth control pill or a vitamin every day? I think that if they get genes into like a pill form that the body would use up and then would just have to take another pill would be better then saying your parents are your mom, dad, and your cat. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Argue for or against it – ** I don’t really like this. I think this is not the way that organisms are supposed to be born. I think that this is a way that not many parents would want their child born. I think this information is useful but I do not think that we should be using this way. We could use this information to discover something else. I guess I’m not really for animal testing I mean to an extent. I think animal testing is okay in the medical field if they are using the information for something useful, and that they have completed all their research and theories before they start testing on animals. From what I read in the book this doesn’t seem to be that bad for the animals. It’s just I don’t think that’s the way organisms are supposed to be conceived. I think we should look at making the gene into a pill, or injection or something like that. Once we know the organism has the disorder to begin with. [] [] ** <span style="background: black; color: lime; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Transgenic plant **<span style="color: lime; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Describe – ** The get a seed and the fertilize it. Then before they plant they inject cloned DNA in to the nucleus of the seed. The cloned DNA has a specific gene in it. Then the seed is planted in the soil so then every time that cell replicates to form the plant the gene also replicates. Then the plant will contain the gene so then if a person needs that gene. They could get medication that was made from the plant, so the patient will get a supply of the active gene. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Analyze it – ** They take a send fertilize it, and then insert cloned DNA that has a specific gene into the seed. Then plant the seed the seed will then grow to be a transgenic plant because it has three parents. Then once the plant is grown they can harvest it. Then they turn the plant into medicine that someone who doesn’t have the active gene could take, so that they would have what they need from the gene. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Apply it – ** This is used to make medicine for people who do not have a gene, or an inactive gene. This will give them what they need from the gene that they are missing. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Synthesize it – ** I think this could be used to make prenatal vitamins that would help prevent genetic disorder. I think that if the supply the baby with what is missing at being stages of life that it will learn how to produce it’s owe. I am think that most genetic disorders are inherited by the parents there for well the baby is growing the mother has none of that gene to supply it so how would the child be able to make what it needs. So I am thinking if the mother takes a supplement of the gene then the baby will have a supply of it so they it might have a chance of learning how to make it for its self. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Argue for or against it – ** I think this is a good thing. It seems like it would be easy to do this to plant seeds. After you have to of then they could reproduce by them self’s. The plant would also make a very helpful drug. I think this is a good idea; this could do a lot of really good things without causing many issues. [] [] <span style="color: #cc0066; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> ** <span style="color: #cc0066; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> Genetic profiles  ** ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Describe – ** genetic profile is genetic makers. Because everyone has different DNA sequence except of identical twins scientist can tell what DNA come from whom. So you can analyze a DNA sample and find for complete sure whose it is by the genetic maker because everyone has different genetic makers. But if the suspect ends up being an identical twin I guess you know for sure that it is one of those two so I guess then you would have to separate then until you get one of them to confess that they are the one you gave the DNA. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Analyze it – ** That ever persons DNA is different so when you test DNA with like gel electrophoresis. There is only one person whose DNA gel electrophoresis test will match that way. Except if the match is an identical twin then there are to people who could match it. No matter how you test the DNA there will always be just one match to it, except for the causes involving identical twins. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Apply it – ** This is used for at like crime scene. Like let’s say someone got rape the hospital will collect samples from the patents reproductive area and then they will test what the collect to figure out what is the victims DNA and what is the criminals DNA. Then once they figure out the criminals DNA is and test it with like gel electrophoresis they will use those results to compare with the suspects DNA. Once they find a match they found you committed the crime. Because people don’t have the same DNA. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Synthesize it– ** I think this is just a concept that we know about DNA I do not think there is much that we can do with it. I’m think that maybe someday everyone will get there DNA tested and put on record right after birth before they leave the hospital. I think this because of the crime rates one day, and it just keeps getting worse. So if we have everyone’s DNA already to compare the samples with we shouldn’t have many troubles with finding the criminals. Except for then we will be finding criminals and the prisons and jails will be to full that they wouldn’t be locked up for long anyway. If that did happen though the criminals will probably figure out how to mess with the DNA test results, or they would learn how to not leave DNA. ** <span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Argue for or against it – ** I think this is a good thing it is a way to prove something and I like prove. This information I think is well used in your world today. I think that it is being used for good things. I am not sure how some one can argue against this because that is just the way it is there is nothing we could do to make more people have the same DNA. It’s not like it’s something that we made happen, it’s just the way it is. [] []