Sabra+Nice

= ﻿Biotechnology By Sabra :)  =

__** Describe It **__
In this type of gene cloning, a plasmid from bacteria is taken and an extra gene is added to the plasmid. The plasmid is then put back inside the bacteria to divide using mitosis. This creates cloned cells with the same recombinant DNA.  __** Analyze It **__ This is made of. . . ﻿ o Bacteria o Bacterial plasmids o Foreign DNA

__** Apply It **__ How is it used? - Gene Research ~ Pest resistant gene put in plants. ~ Alter bacteria to clean up toxic waste. - Protein Research ~ Protein used to dissolve blood clots in heart attack therapy ~ Human growth hormone used on stunted growth patients. **__ Synthesize It __** This process is like making new posters to hang everywhere with new information on them. __** Argue It **__ This type of gene cloning is very positive. With this, people can create plants that are hardier in different conditions and help people whose bodies cannot make them the proteins that they need.

Tutorial: []

Sources: [] 

Nucleic Acid Hybridization
__** Describe It **__ Nucleic acid hybridization is a way to find a specific gene in DNA by using a nucleic acid probe ( a labeled single stranded nucleic acid). This probe has the complimentary sequence to the gene that is being looked for. The probe is tracked by making it florescent or radioactive. Then the cells with this gene can be separated from the ones who do not.

__** Apply It **__ Used to separate different cloned genes from each other.

__** Analyze It **__ Made of nucleic acid.

__** Synthesize It **__ This process is like using a magnet to find real metal in a pile at a junk yard.

This is a great way to be able to research different genes and it also doesn’t harm anything since it is only done on cloned genes that are in a lab.
 * __ Argue It __**

Picture Source: []

Power Point: [] Go down to one labeled Hybridization by using probes.

Genomic Library
Describe It A collection of cells with different cloned genes; this is basically all a genomic library is. There are 3 types of genetic libraries: plasmid, phage, and BAC clones. Plasmid libraries are made of cloned bacterial cells, while phage libraries are made of phage viruses that can hold much more genetic information. BAC, or bacterial artificial chromosome, libraries are big plasmids that have been trimmed down so that they only contain the genes necessary for replication. These can be bought from another researcher, a commercial source, or even a sequencing center. 

Analyze It These libraries are basically just research tools. Apply It Used: for research. Synthesize It This sounds most like just a normal school library. There is a huge selection of books, or genes in this case, that can be pulled out and used as needed.

Argue It <span style="background-color: #000080; color: #00ffff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">I see nothing wrong with keeping a library of genes. Its only for research and doesn’t harm anyone. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Picture: [] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Article: []

Polymerase Chain Reaction
<span style="background-color: #008000; color: #000000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Describe It <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #002060; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">PCR is a method used to copy DNA without a cell. It is used mostly when the source is scanty or impure. This method can also target a specific area to amplify in a just a few short hours. This cannot be done to make huge amounts of the DNA correctly. Many errors can occur in this process. Though, this process can work even if the DNA being copied is degraded.Uses DNA without the entire cell. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #002060; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Apply It <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #002060; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Examples of use: Amplifies. . . <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #002060; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">-DNA from 40,000-year-old frozen woolly mammoth. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #002060; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">- DNA from fingerprints or tiny amounts of blood, tissue, or semen found at crime scenes. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #002060; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">- DNA from 1 embryonic cell for prenatal diagnosis for genetic disorders. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #002060; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">- DNA of viral genes from cells infected with hard to detect viruses.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #002060; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"> Synthesize It <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #002060; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">This process is like when you are chatting with a friend on facebook, decide to be annoying ans start typing the same word over and over repeatedly. You can make many mistakes while doing this but it is very effective in what it was ment to do. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #002060; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ex. Biology biolgy biology biolgy biology biology

Argue It <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #002060; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">I think that this is a great idea. It helps to solve crimes that could be left open if this wasn’t used. And also helps us discover the gene sequence for mammals that lived in the ice age!

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Animation: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #002060; font-family: 'AYT Franklin Gothic Heavy','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> [] Picture: <span style="font-family: 'AYT Franklin Gothic Heavy','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[]

Describe It
Gel electrophoresis is the process of using a gel to separate the large pieces of DNA from the small. The DNA is put into wells on one side of the gel and the gel is then put in water. Since DNA is negatively charged, when connected to a power supply the DNA moves towards the positive end. There are holes in the gel for the DNA to move through but the larger pieces get stuck early on. By comparing the DNA with known DNA lengths, scientists can guess how long the unknown DNA is.



Analyze It
<span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Pieces consist of. . . <span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">~Energy source <span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">~gel (polysaccharide) <span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">~DNA <span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">~water <span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">~ Plastic support

Apply It
<span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Used to compare DNA and find lengths of DNA.

Synthesize It
<span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">This process is like shifting through rocks with pans. The smaller rocks get through more holes than the bigger rocks.

Argue It
<span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I think this is a great process. It is used to help solidify the conviction of a suspect in a crime and that is very useful.

Picture - [] Animation - []

Describe It
<span style="color: #fe7916; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Southern blotting is a combination of gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization. Gel electrophoresis takes place and then the results are blotted out of the gel and onto a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane is exposed to the radioactive probe that finds the DNA strands that correspond to its sequence. Photographic film is laid over the blot to expose the radioactive probes.

Analyze It
<span style="color: #fe7916; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Components include. . . <span style="color: #fe7916; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Same things as gel electrophoresis <span style="color: #fe7916; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Nitrocellulose membrane <span style="color: #fe7916; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Radioactive probe <span style="color: #fe7916; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Paper towls <span style="color: #fe7916; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Sponge <span style="color: #fe7916; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Alkaline solution <span style="color: #fe7916; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Heavy weight

Apply It
<span style="color: #fe7916; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Used to identify carriers of mutant alleles, gene discovery and mapping, diagnostics, evolution and development studies.

Synthesize It
<span style="color: #fe7916; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">This is like taking a picture of something that is happening right then so that you can remember it and have it to look at later.

Argue It
<span style="color: #fe7916; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I think that this process is a very good idea. It can help detect if a person is a carrier to a genetic disorder that could harm any unborn children that a person would want to have.

=
Source :<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'AYT Franklin Gothic Heavy','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[] ======

=
Animation: <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'AYT Franklin Gothic Heavy','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[] ======

Describe It
<span style="color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Microarrays are a way to find out which genes are on in certain tissues. First, single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide also called a DNA chip. cDNA is made and applied to the microarray, where it hybridizes complimentary DNA. Extra cDNA is rinsed off so that the fluorescence tells which genes are turned on. <span style="color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">

Analyze It
<span style="color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Things Used <span style="color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- mRNA to make cDNA <span style="color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- tissue sample <span style="color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- single-stranded DNA fragments <span style="color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- DNA chip

Apply It
<span style="color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">This process is used for genome-wide studies of gene expression but has been replaced with faster methods.

Synthesize It
<span style="color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The picture of a DNA microarray reminds me of a picture from heat vision goggles.

Argue It
<span style="color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">It always is a great idea to be exploring and finding out more facts about the things around us. This process doesn’t hurt anyone or anything so I think its fine to keep using.

<span style="color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Animation: <span style="font-family: 'AYT Franklin Gothic Heavy','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[] <span style="color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Picture: []

Describe It
<span style="color: #76923c; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Plant cloning is accomplished by taking a piece of a plant and incubating it in a nutrient medium. Even specialized cells can dedifferentiate and still create a whole new adult plant with all the different specialized cells. The cell that makes the new adult plant is somatic. <span style="color: #76923c; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">

Analyze It
<span style="color: #76923c; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">This process only uses a few cells from a plant and a nutrient medium before being moved to an agar medium and soil.

Apply It
<span style="color: #76923c; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-helps mass produce plants, such as orchids <span style="color: #76923c; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- reproduces plants with certain valuable characteristics.

Synthesize It
<span style="color: #76923c; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Plant cloning reminds me of how someone can take a piece of an old t-shirt and make that small part into a part of a new quilt.

Argue It
<span style="color: #76923c; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">I agree with this kind of cloning because it is used for the better of mankind.

Article:<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'AYT Franklin Gothic Heavy','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[]
Picture:<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'AYT Franklin Gothic Heavy','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[]

Describe It
<span style="color: #76923c; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Animal cloning by differentiated cells is achieved by putting a nucleus from cultured mammary cells that have been put in nutrient-poor medium into an egg cell with no nucleus. With the nutrient-poor medium, the nucleus was put in a stage of hold before it could be able to dedifferentiate. Animals can also be cloned by putting nuclei from embryos into egg cells with no nuclei. Cloning in this method can be unsuccessful if the nucleus is too mature. <span style="color: #76923c; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">

Analyze It
<span style="color: #76923c; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Animals are cloned by using nuclei, cells without nucleus, and a surrogate mother.

Apply It
<span style="color: #76923c; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Many animals are cloned because they have favorable characteristics. This is also a way to find out if human cloning is possible.

Synthesize It
<span style="color: #76923c; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">It's kind of like putting jelly into a donut and getting a final product.

=
<span style="color: #76923c; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I don’t like the thought of animal cloning. Its tampering with things that God created and we really have no right to mess with. Animals are different from plants. They live and think just as we do. Every person enjoys being special, cloning would ruin that. ======

=
Picture: <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'AYT Franklin Gothic Heavy','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/article/katarneycolumn11.htm/ ======

Describe It
RFLPs are genetic markers. It is a sequence change that causes a change in length of the restriction fragments that are formed by the digestion with that enzyme. These can be detected by PCR or a very sensitive microarray analysis.

Analyze It
RFLPs are only changes in the DNA.

Apply It
RFLPs are used to detect genetic disorders.

Synthesize It
RFLPs are like wrong lengths on dress making directions. You then cut the cloth wrong but don’t know until you try to piece it together.

Argue It
Since RFLPs are a thing, not a process, there is really nothing to oppose.

Describe It
Gene therapy is the process of introducing genes into a person who lacks or has a defective form of the gene. A RNA version of the gene is inserted into a retrovirus that infects bone marrow (prime candidate for gene therapy) that has been cultured from the patient. These fixed cells are then inserted back into the patient. This has been tested and worked but also had serious side effects such as leukemia and death. These may have been caused by side effects of putting the genes in cells that become blood cells.

Analyze It
Needed: cloned genes, retrovirus, and bone marrow cells

Apply It
This is supposed to help people with SCID and other genetic deficiency problems.

Synthesize It
This process is like printing out a paper, seeing a spelling error, and having to go back in and try and fix it <span style="color: #ffc000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">.

Argue It
It seems like there are a lot more negatives to this procedure. People who undergo it are faced with the possibility of getting worse <span style="color: #ffc000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">. Picture:<span style="font-family: 'AYT Franklin Gothic Heavy','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[] Animation: []

=
Transgenic animals are animals whose genes have been altered to produce large qualities of protein products. They create these animals by fertilizing eggs and introducing the new gene to them. Embryos that accept this gene are surgically put into a surrogate mother. These animals are then considered pharmaceutical”factories.” ======

Analyze It
Transgenic animals are made from a human gene and fertilized eggs <span style="color: #00b050; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">.

Apply It
Makes proteins for humans such as antithrombin.

Synthesize It
Transgenic animals are factories, as stated above. They are only used.

Argue It
AGAINST! I know that this process helps humans but it is altering another creatures DNA to only be used for our benefit. Humans are just abusing their power over animals. Animation: [] Picture: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[]

Describe It ﻿[[image:transplant.jpg align="left"]]
Transgenic plants are genetically modified organisms. They have been modified to make proteins for humans. These are made by infecting plant cells with plasmids that have the gene or shooting microscopic pellets containing the gene directly into the plant cell. The cells are grown in culture in a lab and can grow into adult plants. Some plants can even pass on the gene to offspring. It is suppose to be easier to produce a transgenic plant than animal.

Analyze It
These are plants that have been implanted with foreign protein gene.

Apply It
Used to make human proteins for medical use and viral proteins for vaccines. One example is rice making milk proteins for rehydration formulas for babies with diarrhea.

Synthesize It
<span style="color: #98a709; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">They are just living factories.

Argue It
I don’t find this process bad at all. Plants really have nothing else to do so might as well use them to help us.

Describe It
Every person has different genetic markers that are unique to them. Short tandem repeats are used in genetic profiles because they are polymorphic. This method is useful because it only takes a small sample to go through PCR and be amplified for the electrophoresis. By using the DNA found at the crime scene and samples from suspects, the true criminal can be found by having the same number of patterns.

Analyze It
Small amount of DNA to go through PCR and electrophoresis.

Apply It
Used in criminal investigations.

Synthesize It
It’s like looking at handwriting to know whose paper doesn’t have a name on it.

Argue It
This is a great idea because it helps to find the innocent and the guilty. It puts the true criminals in jail or on death row instead of innocents.