Jordon+Connor

=__ DNA Cloning/Recombinant DNA/Genetic Engineering __= __ Gene cloning with bacterial plasmids __ __Description:__ Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome. The plasmids are isolated and DNA from another source is inserted into it. The new plasmid is a recombinant DNA molecule, and then the plasmid is returned back into a bacterial cell and is replicated to form a clone of cells, which are multiple copies of the same cell. __Analysis:__ The plasmids are isolated and some DNA from a different source is inserted into it. That plasmid is now a recombinant DNA molecule, and is inserted back into the bacterial cell, where it reproduces to make a clone of cells. __Application:__ Gene cloning with bacterial plamids can be used to clone genes that work better for a certain thing or it could clone things that could destroy diseases in your body. When old cells die, they could use the cloned ones and replace the ones that died. __Synthesis:__ It woud be better if a newer version could clone all the good and necessary products to keep your body healthy at all times, so then you would never get sick. __Importance:__ The importance of gene cloning is that you can clone the good cells that really help something out and make many more exact copies of that cell and keep using them when the old ones die or aren't working effectively.



__Link:__ [] __Sources:__ AP Biology Book, []

__ Nucleic acid hybridization __ __Description and analysis:__ It is the process of base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule. IF we know at least part of the sequence of the gene, we can sythesize a probe complentary for it. Each probe molecule is labeled with a radioactive isotope or a fluorescent tag so it can be tracked. __Application:__ It can be used to track and find one certain gene out of an entire group of cells. __Synthesis:__ When I think of nucleic acid hybridization, a magnet comes into mind. The probe finds the one gene it wants and gets it like how a magnet attracts metal to it and nothing else. __Importance:__ When there is something wrong with one cell or a group of the same cells, the probes can track it and find it and something can be done to fix the problems with the cells or get rid of them.



__Link:__ [] __Sources:__ AP Biology book, []

__ Genomic library __ __Description and analysis:__ A genomic library is the complete set of plasmid-containing cell clones, each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome. Thousands of different recombinant plasmids are produced when cloning is going on, and a clone of cells carrying each type of plasmid ends up as a white colony and is stored in a library for later use or research. __Application:__ Cells are stored in one of the libraries and then scientists can go back into the libraries later and do some more research on them later. __Synthesis:__ A genomic library is just like a library of books. Each cell does something different just like how each book says different things and each cell is used for different research just like book's when they have different genres. __Importance:__ The importance of a genomic library is that researchers can store some cells and come back and do more research on them to see how they protect agianst something or whatever they do and do experiments off of them to create something new. media type="youtube" key="HlvYechD1AA?fs=1" height="385" width="480" __Link:__ [] __Sources:__ AP Biology book, []

__ Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) __ __Description and analysis:__ Any specific target segment within one or many DNA molecules can be quickly amplified in a test tube. It can make billions of copies of the DNA molecules in just a few hours. There is a three-step cycle to do this procedure. First, the DNA strands are heated up causing denaturization. Second, cooling is allowed so primers form hydrogen bonds with ends of target sequence. Third, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of each primer, which is called extension. __Application:__ DNA molecules can be quickly copied in text tubes in the three-step cycle. Makes more of the molecules for later use or research. __Synthesis:__ It would be better if you could make the three-step cycle go faster, so then if would amplify teh DNA molecules even faster and you could use them sooner. __Importance:__ Can amplify DNA molecules quickly so then they can use put to use right away if needed to be, or they can amplify them to make more for further research and experiments.

__Link:__ [] __Sources:__ AP Biology book, []

=__ Studying Expression and Function of Gene __= __ Gel Electrophoresis __ __ ﻿ __ __Description and analysis:__ It involves a type of gel made out of polymers. The gel separates nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of size, electrical charge, and other properties. The size and electrical charge of the protein or nucleic acid affects their rate of movement through the electrical field in the gel made of polymers. __ Application: __ It separates the nucleic acids or proteins from the DNA molecules. Another helpful application of this is that it can rapidly provide information about the DNA sequences. It also separates a mixture of the linear DNA molecules into bands that consist of DNA moleucles that are all the same length. __ Synthesis: __ It reminds me of a magent picking out all of the nails in a bucket filled with a variety of things. The magent will only attract the nails to it kind of like how the gel separates the proteins or nucleic acids from the DNA molecules. __ Why it's important: __ This is important becuase you can get information really quick about the DNA sequences and of the proteins and nucleic acids. You could see get the sequences of that particular DNA strands sequence.



__ Link: __ [] __ Sources: __ AP Biology book, []

__ Southern Blotting __ __ ﻿Description and analysis: __ This technique combines gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization. It allows scientists to detect just the bands that include parts of the B-globin gene. it has the same principle for screening bacterial clones just like nucleic acid hybridization does. It enables specific nucleotide sequence to be detected in DNA. __ Application: __ Gel electrophoresis of DNA molecules starts it and then they transfer to a membrane which is called blotting. Then nucleic acid hybridization starts after gel electrophoresis gets done with a labeled probe. __ Synthesis: __ This technique reminds me of medal detector. The mdeal detector scans for medal in the dirt as you move over ir just like how this technique detects the bands in the DNA and the specific nucleotide sequences that it wants. __ Why it's important: __ This technique is important becuase scientists and researchers can search for certain bands in the DNA or certain nucleotide sequences of a DNA molecule. Once they find it they can do all the research on it or do whaterver they want with it. This technique must work because it has been used in laboratories for years.



__ Link: __ [] __ Sources: __ AP Biology book, []

__ Microarrays __ __ ﻿Description and Analysis: __ This is a technique used to detect and measure the expression of many genes at one time. The single-stranded DNA fragments are tested for hybridization with samples of cDNA that are labeled. __ Application: __ It consists of tiny amounts of large single-stranded DNA fragments that represent different genes that are fixed to a glass slide in a tightly spaced array. All of the fragments represent all of the genes in an organism. __ Sythesis: __ This technique reminds me of a TV screen showing a picture because of all the millions of little color pixels that it shows, just like how the microarrays can detect thousands of genes at one time. __ Why it's important: __ This technique is important because you can detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes all at the same time. It saves time from just detecting and measuring the expression of one gene at a time. With thousands of genes be detected and their measurement of expression done at one time, scientists can study more than one gene and it doesn't take as long.

__ Link: __ [] __ Sources: __ AP Biology book, []

=__ Cloning organisms __= __ Plant cloning __ __ ﻿Description and analysis: __ Plant cloning is the reproduction of plants that are identical. The cells that reproduce turn out the exact same as the ones that prodcued them. The differentiated cells taken from a plant root can be incubated and it will grow a normal plant. Each plant that is cloned is genetically identical to its parent. __ Application: __ This can be used to produce more plants that are gentically identical to its parent plant. Thr cells from a foot of a plant are incubated and then the plant grows to a normal plant genetically identical to its parents cells. __ Synthesis: __ When i think of plant cloning, i think of copy and pasting words or pictures into a word document. It reminds me of this because everytime you copy and paste it, it is identical to the one that you copied it from and you can keep redoing it over and over and nothing changes. __Why it's important__: I think plant cloning is important because you can take a plant and make an identical one. That way if they find a plant that grows well in a certain biosphere, they can clone it and make more of the same one and use it.

__ Link: __ [] __ Sources: __ AP Biology book, []

__ Animal cloning __ __ Description and Analysis: __ Animal cloning is when scientists take nuclei or cells from early embryos and then they turn into genetically identical animals like their parents. Animal cloning produces genetically identical offspring like their parents. Scientists can use nucleur transplantation to get identical animals as well. __ Application: __ Animal cloning is used to produce genetically identical offspring by using nuclei or cells from early embryos or by nucleur transplantation with differentiated cells. __ Synthesis: __ Animal cloning reminds me of printing multiple copies of a word document because they are all identical to the one that you typed on the computer and printing multiple copies is just like cloning an animal and getting an identical one. __ Why it's important: __ Animal cloning is important because scientists can make identical animals when maybe an animal has something wrong with it that it cannot get sick, and then they will want to clone it to make more identical ones.

__ Link: __ [] __ Sources: __ AP Biology book, []

=__ Practical Application of DNA Technology __= __ ﻿Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLPs) __ __ ﻿Description and Analysis: __ RFLP's are a type of sequence change in the nucloetides of a DNA strand that can occur either on coding or noncoding regions. The changes of the nucletodie sequence changes the lengths of the restriction fragments. __ Application: __ RFLP's serve as useful genetic markers. They can detect them and then use them to mark where a disease is at on the strand or anything that is wrong with it. __ Synthesis: __ This procedure reminds me of cutting paper on a paper cutter, when you want to cut them all the same length, and then the paper wasn't always against the back of the paper cutter and you cut it to short or to long, kind of like how the fragments are changed in this procedure. __ Importance: __ RFLP's are important because they can be used at markers. They can use them markers and come back later and find them and see whats wrong with that part of the nucleotide sequence, it could be a disease or something like that.



__ Link: __ [] __ Sources: __ AP Biology book, []

__ Gene Therapy __ __ ﻿Description and Analysis: __ Gene therapy is when they introduce a gene to an infected person when the infection is caused by a single defective gene. Gene therapy has a great potential to treat diseases or disorders that come from a single gene. __ Application: __ This procedure works when a single gene is used to cure a patients disorder that comes from a single defective cell in their body. __ Synthesis: __ A newer version of gene therapy would be useful as well if it could work if it could replace more than one defective gene, and still have a high potential for treating it. __ Importance: __ Thsi is important because many disorders that occur can be fixed by using gene therapy and using a single gene to take care of the single defective gene in the patients body.



__ Link: __ [] __ Sources: __ AP Biology book, []

__ Transgenic Animals (genetically modified organisms-GMO's) __ __ ﻿Description and Analysis: __ A transgenic animal is when a scientist introduces a gene into the genome of an animal from the genome of another animal. The gene is from an organism of the same species or of a different species. First scientists remove the eggs and fertilize them in vitro, and have cloned the gene from the donor. After that they inject the cloned DNa into the nuclei of the fertilized egg. __ Application: __ Thsi technique can be uesed to put some genes into another animal of the same or different species and get them producing with that gene in them. Tehy do this by injecting the DNA into the organism they want to have these genes or a gene. __ Synthesis: __ Thsi would be better if you could put many genes froen one naimal and put them into another animal of a different species and see what would happen after they reproduced. __ Importance: __ This is important becuase scientists can injetc genes into an orgnisma that may help them survive longer in harsh climates or in good climates by injectsing genes from a different animal.

__ Link: __ [] __ Sources: __ AP Biology Book, []

__ Transgenic Plants (genetically modified organisms-GMO's) __ __ ﻿Description and Analysis: __ Transgenic plants are plants that have produced new plants with alterations in them. That happens by injecting DNA from another plant directly into the nuclei of the plant and then if it works, the new plants will be transgenic. The gene can come from the same species or a different species of plant. __ Application: __ Transgenic plants are being made to make human proteins for demical use and to help fight viruses. Just like animals, they can help the plants out if they are doing the best they can be. __ Synthesis: __ Just like animals, it would be better if they could change a plant even more by injecting more genes from a different plant into a new one and see what changes take place and tehy could be good or bad. __ Importance: __ The importance of this procedure is to help make human proteins to help with viruses and adn medications. They can grwo the proteins in the plants after altering them with different genes from a different plant to make pharmaceutical proteins and medications.



__ Link: __ [] __ Sources: __ AP Biology book

__ Genetic Profiles (DNA forensic testing) __ __ ﻿Description and Analysis: __ A genetic profile is a persons own set of genetic material. Each person has their own unique set, and it is detected by polymerase chain reactions. This si what can be used to determine if your finger prints are at the crime scene by using gel electrophoresis. __ Application: __ Genetic profiles are used to match DNA with each individual and each person has their own unique set. __ Synthesis: __ Genetic profiles make me think of a profile of some sort that you have will all of your school homeowrk in there. It is where everything you need is kept and people can see who did it. __ Importance: __ Genetic profiles are important because it lets forensic scientists match their DNA with the criminals and then the criminal can be punished and make the community safer.

__ Link: __ [] __ Sources: __ AP Biology book, []